In pipe stress analysis, various types of stresses are analyzed to ensure the safety, reliability, and compliance of piping systems with industry standards. These stresses can be broadly classified into the following categories:
1. Primary Stresses
Sustained Stresses: Caused by static loads such as internal pressure, pipe weight, and external forces. These stresses must be within allowable limits as per codes like ASME B31.1 or B31.3.
Pressure Stresses: Generated by the internal pressure of the fluid inside the pipe, leading to hoop and longitudinal stresses.
Weight Stresses: Caused by the weight of the pipe, fluid, insulation, and fittings, which can lead to sagging or excessive bending moments.
2. Secondary Stresses
Thermal Expansion Stresses: Induced due to temperature changes causing expansion or contraction, leading to bending and axial stresses.
Displacement Stresses: Generated due to imposed displacements from equipment connections, structural movements, or seismic effects.
3. Occasional Stresses
Wind Stresses: Due to wind loads acting on exposed piping systems, especially in outdoor installations.
Seismic Stresses: Caused by ground motion during earthquakes, which can induce high bending and axial forces.
Vibration Stresses: Result from mechanical vibration due to pumps, compressors, or flow-induced pulsations.
Water Hammer Stresses: Due to sudden changes in flow velocity, creating pressure surges that impose dynamic loads.
4. Combined Stresses
Equivalent Stress (Von Mises or Tresca Criterion): Used to check if the combined stresses exceed the material's yield strength.
Fatigue Stresses: Occur due to cyclic loading, causing progressive material degradation over time.
Local Stresses: High stress concentrations at nozzles, supports, or branch connections that could lead to failures like stress corrosion cracking.
Proper stress analysis ensures the piping system's design meets code compliance, operational safety, and long-term reliability while preventing failures such as leaks, ruptures, or excessive deformations.
Read more: General Questions about Pipe Stress Analysis
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